Good Intentions And Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 1834 Words

Raj Khatri Mr.Manning ENG 3U0 9 January 2017 Good Intentions and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Throughout history, there are many examples of noble intentions turning into horrendous actions, such as Cesare Borgia’s idea of unifying Italy turning into a man’s desperate grab for power. Probably the most influential time periods that stand as a shining example of noble intentions turning into horrible actions is the early 1800’s with the French revolution, radicalism in Europe, and the clash political beliefs. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein echoes with examples of great intentions becoming terrible actions. It is clear that Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein depicts how one’s noble intention can quickly become evil; this is evident through the†¦show more content†¦He then murders a man afterward in the chapter, which just shows how the Monster shows both John Locke’s theory, as the Monster was punished for his deeds which lead him to murder a man because of how his punishment for saving a girl. The Monster also shows Locke’s theory when he says â€Å"I am malicious because I am miserable. Am I not shunned and hated by all mankind?† (Shelley 147), which he further says â€Å"Let him live with me in the interchange of kindness, and instead of injury I would bestow every benefit upon him with tears of gratitude †¦ if I cannot inspire love, I will cause fear† (Shelley 148). The Monster clearly states he is the way he is because of the situation he is placed in. If people are kind to him he will be kind back with â€Å"tears of gratitude† (Shelley 148). He is a subject of his environment which molds him into the person he is in the novel and the Monster knows this. The Monster is clearly an example of Locke’s Tabula Rasa, as he is a product of his environment. There are even more comparisons stated in an article on in the University of Pennsylvania as â€Å"He [The Monster] learns the causes of his feelings of pain or pleasure and how to produce the effects he desires â₠¬ ¦ the Creature’s education is completed in just the way Locke advocates† (Mellor). This just shows the influence that Locke has on Shelley as there are many references to Locke’s work inShow MoreRelatedThe Concepts of Knowledge and Happiness in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1011 Words   |  5 Pagesaspires to become greater than his nature will allow (Shelley 60). In Mary Shelley s Frankenstein, she expresses her beliefs regarding the danger of pursuing happiness through the attainment of knowledge, because true happiness is found in the emotional connections established between people. The pursuit of knowledge is not necessarily an evil thing, but it can cause destruction when it is pursued beyond natural limits. Victor Frankenstein becomes a slave to his passion for learning in more thanRead MoreMary Shelley s Heart At A Very Young Age1318 Words   |  6 PagesMary Wollstonecraft Godwin as she was born, was born August 30th, 1797 in London, England. Mary Sh elley’s mother died exactly ten days after her birth so Shelley had a rather burdensome life. Her father was emotionally distant from her while her step-mother treated her cruelly as a result of what little relationship Mary did maintain with her father. Mary spoke three languages, English her primary language, French her second language of choice and Italian being the third. Although the disconnectedRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein And The Modern Prometheus1342 Words   |  6 Pageswritten. But there is no doubt in the connection of the Greek God Prometheus and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, as the title of the book states: Frankenstein, or the modern Prometheus. Shelley made sure that the readers knew that Frankenstein is to be seen as the modern Prometheus, and all things in her book connect Frankenstein to the Greek God that shaped Humanity. In this essay is stated that Frankenstein is indeed as Shelley meant, the modern Prometheus. Reasoning behind this is of h ow Frankenstein’sRead MoreMary Shelley ´s Frankenstein; Or, the Modern Prometheus, an Analysis of the Subtitle1219 Words   |  5 Pagesof creation.† (Shelley 37). Ab initio Victor Frankenstein, the main protagonist, is being put on a level with Prometheus through the subtitle. An indication that Mary Shelley did indeed have the myth in mind as she wrote the novel, is not only her subtitle, but moreover the parallels between the Prometheus myth and Frankenstein, which are undeniable. The title itself gives a lot away of the story which follows. It links the modern world with the ancient Greek myth. Victor Frankenstein â€Å"steals† theRead MoreFrankenstein: Allusions1112 Words   |  5 PagesGuffey English 100 13 November 2012 Frankenstein: Into the Depths of Allusions An allusion is a figure of speech that is a reference to a well-known person, place, event, or literary work. These allusions are typically used by an author who intends to make a powerful point without the need to explain it. Mary Shelley s Frankenstein provides many examples of allusion s. She connects the story of â€Å"Prometheus†, Coleridge s Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and Milton s Paradise Lost to her own novel toRead More Frankenstein, Community, and the Individual Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesinnovations throughout the modern world have made life significantly easier, safer, of higher quality, and are said to be done for the greater good of humanity. However, these accomplishments come at a cost, as expressed through the concepts of creation and responsibility that lie at the core of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. It is through these concepts that Shelley explores how society has changed during Romanticism and the Industrial Revolution, with lessening importance on s hared knowledge and the publicRead MoreA Fit Of Enthusiastic Madness : An Essay Of Insanity1427 Words   |  6 PagesInsanity in Frankenstein Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus is chiefly considered to be a horror novel. The books author, Mary Shelley, masterfully weaves a story that has petrified audiences for centuries with its grotesque nature and disturbing events. However it is clear that both the characterization of Victor Frankenstein and his fallen angel, the Monster, portray an additional frightening aspect of the story; their mutual descent into hysteric madness.With a deft hand, Mary Shelley successfullyRead MoreMary B. Shelleys Frankenstein Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagesacknowledge. Born in the year of 1797, Mary Shelley proves to be one of the latter as she becomes a revered pioneer in the creation of artificial life. This is because, as an author, Mary Shelley’s book Frankenstein brings to society a question that many scientist even now continue to withhold from answering: the endless possibilities and imposing dangers in the creation of artificial life. As a one of the most impactful writer of th e early 19th century , Mary Shelley has forever influenced modern daysRead MoreIn The Year Of 1818, Author Mary Shelley Published A Novel1568 Words   |  7 PagesIn the year of 1818, author Mary Shelley published a novel that depicted a concept nobody has ever seen before. The novel of Frankenstein is well known for its association with mystery, evil, and romanticism but the question many people ask is, why is it still relevant after all of these years? Frankenstein is a fictional story and is known as â€Å"The Modern Prometheus†. In Greek mythology, a titan named Prometheus stole fire from the Gods and gave it to mankind. Being that, Victor is compared to theRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein : What Made The Monster Monstrous1751 Words   |  8 PagesRonald Britton is the writer and editorial manager of the article: Mary Shelley s Frankenstein: What Made the Monster Monstrous. All throughout this article Britton will talk about the genesis of the renowned story of Fran kenstein, which emerged from a fantasy experienced by Mary Shelley while on an occasion imparted to her spouse and her stride sister. The creator talked upon Shelley expressing that â€Å"She emphasizes that she was not confined to her own identity in these daydreams, she became others

Business Inequality in America Raising The Minimum Wage

WASHINGTON D.C. President Barack Obama has yelled on Congress to raise the joined minimum wage, the centerpiece proposition at the State of the Coalition address that pondered on business inequality in America. Pointing out that the present minimum of $7.25 is nearly 20% lower in real paying manipulation than it was 25 years ago, he impelled legislators to prop a bill that ought to grasp the nationwide rate to $10.10. We additionally have to do supplementary to safeguard our economy distinctions the dignity of work and that hard work pays off for all of our citizens. Americans overwhelmingly concur that no one who works maximum era must to ever have to raise a relation in poverty. Many Americans desire to raise the minimum wage quickly,†¦show more content†¦Iran’s figures are higher than those of Bulgaria and Romania, both EU associate states ($2.1 each hour contrasted to $1.34 and $1.46 respectively), but the lowest, according to the authorized minimum wage rates of the UN associates, is Uganda whereas operatives can lawfully receive $0.01 hourly. Who came up minimum wage to the world? First ratified in New Zealand in 1894, there is nowadays legislation or relating collective bargaining pondering minimum wage in supplementary than 90% of all countries. Minimum wage rates vary considerably across countless disparate jurisdictions, not merely in setting a particular number of money (e.g. US$7.25 every single hour below precise states regulation (or $2.13 for operatives who accord tips, understood as the tipped minimum wage), $9.19 in the U.S. state of Washington (and projected to progress to $9.32 in 2014), and  £6.31 (for those aged 21+) in the United Kingdom), but additionally in words of that wage period (e.g. Russia and China set monthly minimums) or the scope of coverage. Diffident jurisdictions permit employers to count tips given to their operatives as belief towards the minimum wage level. India is one of the main producing states to familiarize minimum wage policy. It is additionally one of the most convoluted arrangements inShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage La ws For The United States Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesThe minimum wage is the mandated price floor paid on hourly or daily basis for the employees regulated by the government or the union. In â€Å"Federal Minimum Wage†, New Zealand and Australia enacted the first minimum wage law during the late 19th century to prevent employers’ exploitation of workers. In 1912, Massachusetts passed the first minimum wage legislation in the US that was enforced for women and children, and fifteen more states followed in the next eleven years. However, the Supreme CourtRead MoreThe Case For A Higher Minimum Wage1659 Words   |  7 PagesHigher Minimum Wage In 1938, the Federal Government established a minimum wage through the Fair Labor Standards Act, during the Great Depression. Its stated purpose was to keep American workers out of poverty and increase consumer purchasing power to help stimulate the economy. President Franklin Roosevelt, understood that the minimum wage should be a living wage, he stated â€Å"by living wages, I mean more than a bare subsistence level — I mean the wages of a decent living.† Today, the Minimum wage is criticalRead MoreThe Benefits of Raising the Federal Minimum Wage1334 Words   |  6 PagesPicture this: You are a single parent of two, you work 40 hours a week plus occasional overtime at a minimum wage paying job, you struggle to put food on the table to feed your family, and then you receive a call from the bank saying that your home is being foreclosed. This is the situation faced by thousands of Americans every year due to low income and wealth inequality. The federal minimum wage (F MW) as of April 2014 is $7.25, which is not enough to keep a family of two above the poverty line.Read MoreRaising The Minimum Wage Increase Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesraise the minimum wage to either $9.00, $10.10, or $15.00 per hour. The minimum wage increase is supposed to be the first step to solving the income inequality problem in America and a step towards economic growth in America, by helping to stimulate the economy. Research into the effects of the wage increase shows, to me, that a higher minimum wage does not cause a drastic change in unemployment. It does increase productivity, and will address the growing problem of rising income inequality. I haveRead MoreHow Income Inequality is Affecting People Essay856 Words   |  4 Pagesattempt how income inequality is affecting people and what can be done about it. Republicans views on income distribution in the economy are perhaps changing Barry Ritholtz (2014) from economonitor reports, â€Å"Two out of three Americans are dissatisfied with the way income and wealth is currently distributed in the U.S. This includes three-fourths of Democrats and 54% of Republicans† (para 4). It seems that the majority of Republicans have come to realization that income inequality is unstable and terribleRead MoreInequality : Inequality And Poverty1729 Words   |  7 Pages Inequality and poverty exist in our society because wealth and opportunity are inherited. If we all entered the world with an equal amount of resources, some would still rise above others but everyone would get the same chance to succeed in life. Since greed is one of the norms of our society, and wealth is passed from generation to generation, there will always be inequality and poverty. The system of wealth and inequality is actually pretty simple. It all boils down to a few things what youRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage?1122 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Raise the wage!† reads many protestors’ signs across America. Many people believe this to be the answer to the financial inequality that plagues our country. The federal minimum wage was established to keep workers from settling on a poor living standard (Leonard A.11). Since this was passed, multiple debates and issues have risen. One begins to ask the question, is this truly the best way to resolve the unequal di stribution of wealth? After research, it has been found that there are many drawbacksRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Minimum Wage In Taiwan1541 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Nowadays, minimum wage is very important for workers in this world. In addition, minimum wage is also a core element of public policy in lots of countries. For example, minimum wage has become a hot topic in Taiwan recently. The Taiwanese complained that the working hours are too long, and the wages are too low. Because of that reason, workers in Taiwan have come forward to protest this policy. Therefore, according to this example, minimum wage has become an issue that cannot be ignoredRead MoreRaising The Federal Minimum Wage1225 Words   |  5 Pages Study shows that wage increases do lower poverty, by 2.4% if wage at $8.00, consistent with other studies. (Washington Post/ Arin Dube) 1. Raising the federal minimum wage doesn’t cause substantial unemployment as most economists agree, including over 600 economists who wrote a letter to Congress urging a wage increase, and the Economic Policy Institute. A. Identify shortcomings of the opposition (fallacies they make, or weaknesses in the evidence they use) 1. Arin Dube’s study would be great,Read MoreMinimum Wage And Higher Income Essay849 Words   |  4 Pagesraise the minimum wage to either $9.00, $10.10, or $15.00 per hour. As you can see in Table 2, the minimum wage has varied over the years, but the options presented are set to increase the wage to above what is considered the poverty line. Many minimum wage workers are in favor of the wage increase, to raise it to a more â€Å"livable† wage. Yet, they may not know what the wage increase will entail for the economy, such as, an increased unemployment rate. The increase is supposed to raise the minimum wage

Financial Statement of DIPL-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Explain how your results influence your Planning decisions for the audit for the year ending 30 June 2015. 2.Explain why it is a risk and how it may affect the risk of material misstatement in the financial Report. 3.Based on the background information for DIPL contained in the case, identify and explain two key fraud risk factors relating to misstatements arising fromfraudulent financial reporting to which DIPL may be susceptible. Answers: 1.ASA 520 Analytical Procedures deals with the requirements regarding corporation legislative provisions. Further, it provides an explanation regarding the application of analytical procedures as the substantive procedure. It provides assistance to the auditor to perform responsibility relating to performing analytical procedures at the end of audit and forming an overall conclusion on financial statements (Krahel and Titera, 2015). Procedures which are required to be taken as an auditor for designing and performing substantive procedure have been specified in this standard. It has been specified in this standard that fluctuations and relationship which is not in compliance with other data or differs from forecasted figures by a significant amount should be investigated in detail. In case of DIPL following steps will be taken for accomplishing analytical procedure and complying ASA 520 Assessing accounts and developing expectation on individual basis The main accounts in which possibility of risk is more in case of DIPL Ltd is Purchase and Inventory, Cash, Receivables, Foreign exchange loss Bad debts. It is necessary to assess that the new method for recording inventory which has been adopted by company represent books of accounts in more appropriate form or not. Further, in case of bad debts, it is necessary to ascertain whether they are actual or not. For assessing the same, it should be checked that has been claimed as bad debt has been actually reduced from the account or not. Assessing the difference between expected figures and actual figures Ratio and Analysis are the most appropriate approach for ascertaining that whether any significant difference between expected or budgeted and actual figures exists or not. Profitability Ratio Profitability Ratios Year I Year II Year III Turnover 34212000 37699500 43459500 Gross Profit ratio 17.55% 16.12% 15.19% Net Profit ratio 6.89% 6.07% 6.83% From above figures, it can be assessed that sales of DIPL Ltd have an increasing trend. However gross profit of the company has decreasing trend. Thus it is required to be assessed in detail to ascertain the reason for the difference. In case of profit ratios, no significant fluctuation can be observed. It might be possible that sales have increased, but the products on which higher profit can be earned have not increased significantly (Knechel and Salterio, 2016).In the same manner, liquidity and risk ratios should be assessed, and results should be compared in appropriate manner to assess the significant difference. Forming conclusion on the basis of significant assessed difference In the present case of DIPL, as a difference exists in case of gross profit ratio; thus the same should be referred to the management and discussed in detail. The auditor should not directly rely on the explanation provided by the management but should make an effort to find other proofs as the base of explanation. Trend Analysis It is part of analytical procedures which is referred as technical analysis of predicting the future movement of figures based on past data. An appropriate idea can be attained that whether the figures are in accordance with expected figures or not. In the present case of DIPL Ltd, trend analysis of following major accounts have been conducted in order to attain appropriate evidence for the formation of opinion on financial accounts. Particular Year I Year II Year III Accounts Receivable 2482500 4320000 5073309 Increase in comparison to previous year 1.74 1.17 Sales 34212000 37699500 43459500 Increase in comparison to previous year 1.10 1.15 Bad Debts 150000 195000 210000 Increase in comparison to previous year 1.3 1.08 From above analysis, it can be assessed that there is a major increase in accounts receivable in year II. However, the same increase has not been assessed in year III. It means that higher credit sales have been made in year II; this account needs to be assessed that whether the same policies have been followed by the company on continuing basis. Turnover has increased, but gross profit has not increased, rather it has decreased in comparison to previous years, thus the same required to be assessed in detail for ascertaining the reason behind it. Salaries 1965000 2190000 2445000 Increase in comparison to previous year 1.11 1.12 A nominal increment has been assessed which is usually due to inflation. Thus it can be said that it genuine increase. Inventories 2256188 2671362 4180500 Increase in comparison to previous year 1.18 1.56 In year three a major increase can be assessed, the reason behind the same is a change in policy relating to inventory valuation. A detail valuation, as well as other evidence, are required to ascertain whether the change is appropriate or not. 2.Inherent risk can be specified as a risk due to an error or omission in the financial statement, and the reason behind the same is other than the failure of control. Usually, inherent risk occurs when transactions are complex, and they require a high degree of judgement in order to conclude an appropriate conclusion (Cannon and Bedard, 2016). In accordance with provision provided in ASA 200; an auditor is required to assess the nature of business while examining control risk and inherent risk. The results which are generally found are in case inherent, and control risk is high, efforts are made to keep detection risk lower; in order to keep the overall audit risk low. Processing of data in new IT system:It has been assessed on the basis of provided facts that the new system works on the fully computerized manner and the whole accounting process is integrated into it. Even though the management is not satisfied with the system, it has been accepted and implemented without assessing in detail (Arens et al. 2016). The risk existing in present scenario is an inherent risk. The reports, calculation and another statement which have been prepared with the new IT system required to be checked manually for ascertaining the existing errors. Further, for assessing whether all transaction has been considered by the new system before preparing financial statement; dummy entries can be entered, and its effect on financial statement can be assessed. E-book Revenue:DIPL Ltd, receive proceed on e-book sale and pay a specified commission to the publisher. As the whole transactions are done online, there is no audit trail present in this transaction through which adequate audit proof can be ascertained that whether all the transactions have been recorded or not (Vona, 2011). Further, whether the commission which has been paid is computed in an appropriate manner or not also needs to be assessed in detail. It also comprises complex transaction as the storage fees have been recognised in the monthly fees are invoiced and the fact that it has been charged in advance for twelve months is not considered while recording the transaction (MironiucRobuRobu, 2012). As income is an important variant of financial statement and before providing an opinion regarding it auditor has to be sure for this account. The methods and procedure which are adopted by the company for recording these transactions are to be checked in detail to understand its n ature. The auditor will make detail check in this account and provide opinion on the basis of adequate audit evidence which has been obtained during audit procedure. 3.ASA 240 states that it is auditor responsibility regarding the fraud in an audit of financial report, assessing the issues relating to fraud factors of risk in a business, fraud can be stated as abroad perception for the principle of Standard of Australias Accounting Standard, as auditor is disturbed regarding the fraud factor as it will lead to misstatements in the financial reports intentionally or unintentionally (Kaptein, 2012). In ASA 240 it has been mentioned that the factors of fraud refer to a situation that pushes fraud commitment or gives the opportunity to commit a fraud. Some key fraud factors of risk are enumerated as below with their impact on the auditing conduct: Force on the organization to implement new information technology systems: At present, DIPL management has been forced in order to implement new information technology systems. The IT manager has complained against this matter many times, regarding the installing of the system. Therefore the whole management having several issues, as it leads to an opportunity to fraud and gets advantage. The similar will impact the procedure of auditing being applied by the auditor in order to evaluate the efficiency of the system, CAAT tools can be applied by the auditor for considering the system transparency (Barton, 2008). Thus, determining all transactions is contained during the preparation of companys financial statement: model transactions can also be entered into the system, and the effect of that can be the assessed on the financial system. Discussion with publishers can be made, or a statement can be requested in order to verify the payments. Lack of internal control system due to poor supervising of control: In DIPL there is inappropriate internal control system so as to assess the existing obligation are effectively used by the management. The similar may lead to income identification high correlated to the real revenue (Barth, Landsman Lang, 2008). The factor of fraud can also influence the auditing procedure been applied by the auditor, if the reports given by management regarding the several activities and operations of the business (William Jr, GloverPrawitt, 2016). Improved recognition must be required by the auditor for verifying the managements accounts or presenting the concerned issues. The risk fraud factors will impact the procedures of auditing to be implied for giving appropriate outlook regarding the DIPL financial statements. References Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J., Beasley, M.S. and Hogan, C.E. 2016.Auditing and assurance services. Pearson. Barth, M.E., Landsman, W.R. Lang, M.H., 2008. International accounting standards and accounting quality.Journal of accounting research.46(3). Pp.467-498. Barton, A., 2008. Professional accounting standards and the public sectora mismatch.Abacus.41(2). Pp.138-158. Cannon, N. and Bedard, J.C, 2016. Auditing challenging fair value measurements: Evidence from the field.The Accounting Review. Kaptein, P. S., 2012. Ethics Management: Auditing and Developing the Ethical Content of Organizations. Springer Science Business Media. Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E. 2016.Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Krahel, J.P. and Titera, W.R., 2015. Consequences of big data and formalization on accounting and auditing standards.Accounting Horizons,29(2). Pp.409-422. Mironiuc, M., Robu, B. I. Robu, A. M. 2012.The Fraud Auditing: Empirical Study Concerning the Identification of the Financial Dimensions of Fraud. Journal of Accounting and Auditing Research and Practice,2. Vona, W. L. 2011. The Fraud Audit: Responding to the Risk of Fraud in Core Business Systems. John Wiley Sons. William Jr, M., Glover, S. Prawitt, D., 2016. Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education.

Mans Search For Meaning Essays (892 words) - English-language Films

Man's Search For Meaning Man's Search For Meaning Survival and Fully Living Viktor Frankl's concept regarding survival and fully living was developed through his observations and experiences in the concentration camps. He used his psychiatric training to discern the meanings of observations and to help himself become a better person. He uses analysis to develop his own concepts and describes them in steps throughout the book. When the prisoners first arrived at the camp most of them thought they would be spared at the last moment. The prisoners believed they had a chance of surviving, but this belief was eventually eliminated and it was at this time when the prisoners began to learn how to survive by using their internal strength. A sense of humor had emerged among the prisoners. This humor helped to get through some difficult situations they faced. Viktor also observed how much a person could really endure and still live. Even though the prisoners could not clean their teeth and were deprived of warmth and vitamins, they still were able to survive. The sores and abrasions on their hands did not suppurate despite the dirt that gathered on them from the hard labor. The challenge of staying alive under these wretched conditions was to have and maintain strong internal strength. During the time he spent in the camps, Viktor learned what was needed to survive and how to keep his internal strength despite his weakening external strength. During the second stage of Viktor's psychological reaction, prisoners lost their sense of feeling and emotion toward events that would be emotional to people outside the camps. This was a result of the violent environment, which consisted of beatings of prisoners and the death of many others. The prisoners could no longer feel any disgust or horror since these emotions where very common. From Viktor's professional point of view, this observation surprised him and also gave him a different point of view of the whole situation. The pain that hurt Viktor the most was the pain he felt when he received punishment for no reason. The punishments were of an insult, and hurt the prisoners on the inside more than on the outside. Viktor also acknowledged the fact that since the prisoners lacked the primary needs, they would dream about them and put all other needs aside. Since there was a lack of food Viktor depended greatly on his inner thoughts to get himself through the suffering. He needed some hope and a reason to live. He thought about his wife and the love that they shared. Every chance, he got he thought about pleasant events from the past to help get through all the hard times. The prisoners had a life of their own in their minds. At one point Viktor gave up on trying to control his life and in sending himself into the path he wanted. He decided to let fate take its course. After a while he found out that he could not allow this to happen, his inner emotions could not stand being helpless. He had to make decisions for himself if he wanted to have some control o ver his life and if he wanted to get out of the camp alive. When the camps were closing Viktor became the emotional leader of the remaining prisoners. He raised their hopes, and by doing this he was looking at the situation from a different point of view. He believed that life expected more from them and that they had to live in order to accomplish the unfinished work they had left behind when they left their home. When Viktor and the prisoners were released everyone except Viktor had no sense of direction. They did not know what was right and what was wrong. They went around and copied the actions of the SS, not knowing that it was wrong. Victor was fortunate and did not end up like the other survivors, since he had more knowledge than they did and was able to see his opportunity to live his life again. Viktor's concept applies to my life during the times when I am feeling bad or when I just don't know what to do. When I am

How the Romans Voted in the Roman Republic

How the Romans Voted in the Roman Republic The vote was almost a side issue. When Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, reformed the tribal system of Rome, giving the vote to men who had not been members of the three original tribes, he increased the number of tribes and assigned people to them on the basis of geographic location rather than kinship ties. There were at least two main reasons for the extension of the suffrage, to increase the tax body and to add to the rolls of young men suitable for the military. Over the next couple of centuries, more tribes were added until there were 35 tribes in 241 B.C. The number of tribes remained stable and so new citizens were assigned to one of the 35 no matter where they lived. So much is pretty clear. Details are not so sure. For instance, we dont know whether Servius Tullius established any of the rural tribes or just the four urban ones. The importance of the tribes was lost when citizenship was extended to all free people in A.D. 212 by the terms of Constitutio Antoniniana. Posting Issues Roman assemblies were called to vote after notice of issues had been publicized. A magistrate published an edict in front of a contio (a public gathering) and then the issue was posted on a tablet in white paint, according to the University of Georgias Edward E. Best. Did Majority Rule? Romans voted in a couple of different groupings: by a tribe and by centuria (century). Each group, tribe or centuria had one vote. This vote was decided by majority vote of the constituents of said group (tribe or tribe or centuria), so within the group, each members vote counted as much as anyone elses, but not all groups were equally important. Candidates, who were voted on together even when there were multiple positions to fill, were counted as elected if they received the vote of one-half of the voting groups plus one, so if there were 35 tribes, the candidate won when he had received the support of 18 tribes. Polling Place Saepta (or ovile) is the word for the voting space. In the late Republic, it was an open wooden pen with probably 35 roped-off sections. It had been on the Campus Martius. The number of divisions is thought to have corresponded with the number of tribes. It was in the general area that both tribal groups and comitia centuriata held elections. At the end of the Republic, a marble structure replaced the wooden one. The Saepta would have held about 70,000 citizens, according to Edward E. Best. The Campus Martius was the field dedicated to the war god, and lay outside the sacred border or Pomoerium of Rome, as Classicist Jyri Vaahtera points out, which is significant because, in early years, Romans may have attended the assembly in arms, which didnt belong in the city. Voting was also held in the forum. Centuriate Voting Assembly The centuriae may also have been started by the 6th king or he might have inherited and augmented them. The Servian centuriae included about 170 centuriae of foot soldiers (infantry or pedites), 12 or 18 of equestrians, and a couple of others. How much wealth a family had determined which census class and therefore centuria its men fit in. The wealthiest infantry class had close to a majority of the centuriae and were also allowed to vote early, just after the cavalry whose first position in the metaphorical voting line (may have) earned them the label praerogativae. (It is from this use that we get the English word prerogative.) (Hall says that later after the system was reformed, the first [selected by lot] centuria to vote had the title of centuria praerogativa.) Should the vote of the wealthiest (infantry) first class and that of the cavalry be unanimous, there was no reason to go to the second class for their vote. The vote was by centuria in one of the assemblies, the comitia centuriata. Lily Ross Taylor thinks the members of a given centuria were from a variety of tribes. This process changed over time but is thought to have been the way the vote worked when the Servian Reforms were instituted. Tribal Voting Assembly In tribal elections, the voting order was decided by sortition, but there was an order of the tribes. We dont know exactly how it worked. Only one tribe might have been chosen by lot. There might have been a regular order for the tribes that the winner of the lottery was allowed to jump over. However it worked, the first tribe was known as principium. When a majority had been reached, the voting probably stopped, so if 18 tribes were unanimous, there was no reason for the remaining 17 to vote, and they didnt. The tribes voted per tabellam by ballot by 139 B.C., according to Ursula Hall. Voting in the Senate In the Senate, voting was visible and peer-pressure-driven: people voted by clustering around the speaker they supported. Roman Government in the Roman Republic The assemblies provided the democratic component of the mixed form of Roman government. There were also monarchic and aristocratic/oligarchic components. During the period of kings and the Imperial period, the monarchic element was dominant and visible in the personage of the king or emperor, but during the Republic, the monarchic element was elected annually and split in two. This split monarchy was the consulship whose power was deliberately curtailed. The Senate provided the aristocratic element. References The Centuriate Assembly before and after the Reform, by Lily Ross Taylor; The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 78, No. 4 (1957), pp. 337-354.Literacy and Roman Voting, by Edward E. Best; Historia 1974, pp. 428-438.The Origin of Latin suffrÄ gium, by Jyri Vaahtera; Glotta71. Bd., 1./2. H. (1993), pp. 66-80.Voting Procedure in Roman Assemblies, by Ursula Hall; Historia (Jul. 1964), pp. 267-306

Definition and Examples of Gender (Sociolinguistics)

Definition and Examples of Gender (Sociolinguistics) In sociolinguistics and other social sciences, gender refers to sexual identity in relation to culture and society. The ways in which words are used can both reflect and reinforce social attitudes toward gender. In the U.S., the interdisciplinary study of language and gender was initiated by linguistics professor  Robin Lakoff in her book  Language and Womans Place (1975). Etymology From Latin, race, kind Example and Observations It is quite clear that language use and the use of language are inseparablethat over generations and centuries, peoples constant talking deposits cultural beliefs and ideas in the medium of communication. At the same time, the weight of the linguistics system constrains the kinds of things we say and the ways we say them.   (Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-Ginet, Language and Gender, 2nd ed. Columbia University Press, 2013)  Ã‚   Language Use and Social Attitudes Toward Gender [T]here is now a greater awareness in some parts of the community that subtle, and sometimes not so subtle, distinctions are made in the vocabulary choice used to describe men and women. Consequently, we can understand why there is a frequent insistence that neutral words be used as much as possible, as in describing occupations e.g., chairperson, letter carrier, salesclerk, and actor (as in Shes an actor). If language tends to reflect social structure and social structure is changing, so that judgeships, surgical appointments, nursing positions, and primary school teaching assignments are just as likely to be held by women as men (or by men as women), such changes might be expected to follow inevitably. . . . However, there is still considerable doubt that changing waitress to either waiter or waitperson or describing Nicole Kidman as an actor rather than as an actress indicates a real shift in sexist attitudes. Reviewing the evidence, Romaine (1999, pp. 312-13) concludes that attit udes toward gender equality did not match language usage. Those who had adopted gender-inclusive language did not necessarily have a more liberal view of gender inequalities in language.   (Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 6th ed. Wiley, 2010) Doing Gender It is apparent that when friends talk to each other in single-sex groups, one of the things that is being done is gender. In other words, the fact that female speakers mirror each others contributions to talk, collaborate in the co-narration of stories and in general use language for mutual support needs to be considered in terms of the construction of femininity. For many men, by contrast, connection with others is accomplished in part through playful antagonisms, and this ties in with mens need to position themselves in relation to dominant models of masculinity.    (Jennifer Coates, Gender. The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, ed. by Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany, and Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007) A Highly Fluid Social Category Like language, gender as a social category has come to be seen as highly fluid, or less well defined than it once appeared. In line with gender theory more generally, researchers interested in language and gender have focused increasingly on plurality and diversity amongst female and male language users, and on gender as performativesomething that is done in context, rather than a fixed attribute. The whole notion of gender, and identity in general is challenged when this is seen, rather like language itself, as fluid, contingent and context-dependent. This is mainly an alternative theoretical conception of gender, though there are also suggestions that identities are loosening so that in many contexts people now have a wider range of identity options.   (Joan Swann, Yes, But Is it Gender? Gender Identity and Discourse Analysis, ed. by Lia Litosseliti and Jane Sunderland. John Benjamins, 2002)

How successful has the Australian Government and the Reserve Bank of Essay

How successful has the Australian Government and the Reserve Bank of Australia been in running the Australian economy over the l - Essay Example Trade policy in Australia supports open trade as well introduction of Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations which promoted economic growth for 17 consecutive years just before the global financial crisis. This writing analyses the degree of success that the Australian Government and the Reserve Bank of Australia been in running the Australian economy over the last two years. Australia’s economy is believed to have performed successfully in the recent years due to policies and strategies that the government and the Reserve Bank of Australia have made. Although there have been challenges and some sort of inconsistency in the economic growth for the last two years, the government has done tremendous things to boost the economy. According to Greber (2013, n.p), the Australian government has attempted to curb debt but the budgetary position has not fared on very well in the last few years leading to higher deficits and high level of unemployment. Additionally, there has bee n a reduction of revenue accompanied with increase in expenditure, which has greatly strained Australia’s budget for the last two years. However, the budget deficit was lower than the Europe’s making Australia to be in a somehow better situation compared to the region. Australia’s credit rating is currently AAA but the credit rating agencies have received strong criticism since the 2008 financial crisis. The agencies could not detect the jumble financial products that led to eventual fall of various financial institutions thus raising lots of questions regarding reliability of credit ratings. It is therefore apparent that dynamics of microeconomic indicators be used in determining the strength of Australian economy. On the other hand, Australia is one of the largest capitalist economies in the world and in 2011; it was position 13 in terms of national economy. The economy is dominated by service sector which makes up a bigger percentage of the GDP although econo mic growth mostly depends on the mining sector. According to Australian Government (2013), the government has somehow enhanced economic freedom thus making her economy the most free in 2013 index. The free economy has been consistent for the last two years especially freedom from corruption and business freedom. The government’s commitment to economic freedom as well as openness to investment and global trade has made Australia to rebound so quick from the global recession. This is actually plausible because most countries have not been able to recover from the crisis. Unfortunately, the government has not done much in terms of labor and poor management of expenditure. According to Thirlwell (2013, n.p), government and the Reserve Bank of Australia have ensured stabilized fiscal and monetary policies thus allowing banks to withstand the global financial crisis. In addition, public finances have somehow been managed well thus reducing the national debt compared to other econom ies. The government has created a stable and transparent climate for doing business making it one of the most steadfast and appealing place for entrepreneurs. There is also an independent judicial system, which has ensured protection of property rights and further allows easier and reliable enforcement of contracts. There is a tradition of clean and fair government that has smoothly worked for the last two years thus reducing bribery of public officials. Moreover, Australian government has boosted and attracted investors

Power helps states to survive in the international system. Do Essay

Power helps states to survive in the international system. Do hegemonies help the maintenance of peace in the international sys - Essay Example The chessboard of international power politics has already been tabled and all the major stakeholders are dying to have a lion share of the ongoing conflicts in the region that have huge stakes in international politics. The case of Syria For a long time, the Middle East has been a region associated with hegemonic forces. Human massacres, ethnic cleansing, physical destructions, and other gross human crimes in the face of international community characterize the region (John 11). The weakened populations are the subjects of regional dynasties, states, and powerful groups who control both the economic and political power over the years. The emerging geopolitical trends and geostrategic trends all speak about yet another bloody round of hegemony forces that keep on flexing their muscles in every opportunity After the chemical attach of the Syrian civilians in the wake of uprising in Syria, the U.S.A administration almost made up its mind to flex its military muscles in the region. The Obama administration had a strong urge to attack Syria but he had to take into consideration the power politics in the region before taking such a bold step (Keneth 2). The United States administration had to weigh the consequences of such a move and its impacts on the stability and their interest in the region. Despite opposition from various military heads, the Catholic pope and the United Nations Security Council, the Obama administration pushed forward it its bid to end the stalemate in the Syrian region. The Syrian uprising owed a lot to the uprising that toppled the government of Egypt since Syria has often had a love hate relationship with Egypt. The Assad government initially reacted positively by meeting some of the demands of the people but the demands were so much than he could bare as duration continued. The United States Policy The Washington has a lot of interest in gulf monarchies hence they always watch keenly for every move they take both economically and politicall y. If the current Syrian crisis is left unresolved, it’s possible that the Iranian threat would become a reality and a change of leadership in Syria would mean a political defeat for Iran and its loss of influence in the Gulf. The Obama administration has pursued a number of policies in their attempt to broker peace in Syria and ensure a democratic transition (Dietz 16). The Obama admiration at first demanded a political transition when he called the resignation of Syrian president al Assad by asserting that they call for a democratic transition. The united states have also advocated for an international diplomacy through the United Nations Security Council to condemn the Syrian government to end the bloodshed in their country. The United States supported the efforts to improve the international policy coordination to Syrian people end the stalemate that threaten peace and stability in the country. Through the united nation security council, the United States supported the An nan plan that had a roadmap for ending the crisis that rocked the Syrian republic. Despite these their numerous efforts, they have blamed Russia and China for sabotaging their peace efforts by failing to support such initiatives at the Security Council. They have blamed Russian and Chinese of vetoing the draft resolutions in the Security Council against the Assad regime thwarting the efforts to achieve peace in that region. In the year 2012, the United States

Romance and romantic medievalism Essay Example for Free

Romance and romantic medievalism Essay John Keats poem, La Belle Dame Sans Merci, presents a knight on his horse who meets a fairy lady but develops this clichi scenario into an exploration of the relationship between, the presumed male superiority and female innocence. It is a ballad that evokes medieval times. However, if one is expecting a stereotypical glorification of these, Keats rather has an interestingly critical approach to the archetypes of medieval romance and romantic medievalism. The identity of the titular female character is kept a mystery. We only know about her through the males interpretation of her. An essential point in this poem since it leads to the implicit meaning by the author. La Belle Sans Merci is a perfect example of how well-worn aspects as love such as sexual desire and unknown identity can be used to present a striking theme in a simple manner. These aspects are combined in a medieval set. The medieval setting is reinforced for the reader through the poems form. It is a ballad, which is full of fittingly old-fashioned diction and syntax. By his antiquated expression and his hypnotically monotone quadrametre, Keats achieves a mysterious and gloomy atmosphere with the first couple of stanzas of the poem. O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms, So haggard and so woebegone? (L. 5-6) To use Keatss own words, the mood is woebegone. This clearly reflects the knights emotions as the unknown individual, whose voice opens the poem, asks him about his problems. This is clear evidence that the whole poem is actually a dialogue between the knight and an unknown character possibly identifiable with the poet. The first two stanzas start with a question a clear indication of antiphonal or dialogic style being employed. O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms, Alone and palely loitering? (L. 1-2) This unknown character is the speaker in the first three whole stanzas, after which the knight begins to tell of his surreal experience with this fairy. At this point, one could argue that it starts to get interesting. The keywords throughout the next five stanzas are presumed control, power, desire and superiority. Obviously the knight is somehow intrigued by this fairy. In what way, remains ambiguous in keeping with Keatss poetic style. Nevertheless, no doubt is left when one examines the diction that the knight has a distinct sexual desire for her: She lookd at me as she did love, And made sweet moan. (L. 19-20) The knight interprets her sweet moan as sexual and romantic interest even though he has no reason whatsoever to believe that the fairy is essentially interested: And sure in language strange she said I love thee true! (L. 27-28) It is rather his own presumption that makes him imagine this. Thus a still more surreal dream scenario arises within an already surreal world of fairies etc. This way of thinking leads the knight into a form of blind obsession. It is this ecstasy that leads him to his misery. From stanza five where he makes a garland and bracelets for the fairy until stanza eight where she takes him to her elfin grot, he presents himself is in charge of virtually everything. I set her on my pacing steed, (L. 21) She found me roots of relish sweet (L. 25) These are clear examples that indicate that either the knight acts upon the fairy or the fairy acts for him in keeping with conservative sexual roles. It can be assumed that this situation suits him since he nothing else saw all day long. The knight does not hesitate to convey his emotions nor is he the mysterious part in this poem. But loss of control appears in stanza eight when the knight enters onto the fairys territory. Certainly he goes to her home and he may go further than that: She took me to her elfin grot, And there she wept and sighd full sore, (L. 29-30) The subject of the sentences changes; now it is the fairy that acts and the knight becomes a passive character in the poem. This should be considered as the moment when the knights misery commences. Another, yet stronger example of this is found in the next stanza, And there she lulled me asleep, (L. 33). This line is attention-grabbing since it is not only the start of the knights misery, but can also be seen in the context of the male losing out in the battle between sexes. Suddenly the feminine character gets the upper hand in a poem set in the middle ages and written at the beginning of the 19th century. The clichi -like knight on pacing steed strong, handsome and should win over every lady that he desires. Instead he is utterly unmanned by the extremely sexy feminine fantasy character, whose identity remains a mystery throughout the poem, while his psyche is bared. The mysterious identity of the fairy and the ambiguity as to whether she did anything at all to the knight other than leave him is central to Keats message. If we knew more about her, it would no longer be a mystery to the reader whether she did entrance him or whether he has just fantasized all those Pale warriors, Death pale were they all; They cried La Belle dame sans Merci, Hath thee in thrall! Assuming the fairy was human, she could most probably speak and not only make sweet moan. Just one statement from the fairy could lead to a clarification of the real causes of knights apparently miserable situation and that would kill the point of the poem. In conclusion, Keats succeeds in revitalizing the medieval ballad form and romance themes by inverting their clichi s. He thereby succeeds to a high degree in questioning male assumptions of sexual dominance and the reader is left with a lot to think about after reading the poem.

How does a CD work? :: essays research papers

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................pg. 2 Factors Creating the Demand For Secondary Storage ............................pg. 2 Why Buy Optical ........................................................................................pg. 3 CD Physical Characteristics.......................................................................pg. 4 How Does a CD Work.................................................................................pg 5 What is a CD-R............................................................................................pg 5 What is CD-RW...........................................................................................pg 5 How Does A CD-RW Work .......................................................................pg. 5 Advantages of CD-RW ..............................................................................pg. 5 DVD.............................................................................................................pg 6 DVD VS. CD...............................................................................................pg 6 Glossary ......................................................................................................pg 7 Questions .................................................................................................... INTRODUCTION The use of optical storage continues to grow at an incredible pace. The word optical in the computer industry refers to any storage method which uses a laser to store and retrieve data from media. This term includes such devices as CD-ROM , rewritable optical, WORM, CD-R, and optical jukeboxes or autochangers. Most of us are familiar with CD-ROM, but other terms such as rewritable optical, WORM, and CD-R, may be foreign. Rewritable optical devices use media that allows data to be written repeatedly, while WORM technology writes data permanently to disk. CD-R , stores information permanently to a compact disc and is read on low-cost CD-ROM drives. These devices are currently sold as single or standalone items. The continuing development of optical technology has opened up many new avenues and created limitless possibilities. Migration software now allows unused data to be moved from its original location to an optical device where it resides until it is needed. Since the only thing that touches the media is the laser, it is the most durable way to store and archive data. Optical storage solutions are also used in a wide variety of applications such as document timing, records retention, backup systems, and desktop publishing. FACTORS CREATING THE DEMAND FOR SECONDARY STORAGE Because of its high capacity, low cost, durability, and random access to large amounts of networked information, secondary storage satisfies an essential need of data intensive organizations. This need for secondary storage arises from a number of factors: Digital convergence. The move towards graphical user interfaces and the success of operating systems, such as Windows, Windows 95, and Windows NT, have resulted in a significant increase in the average size of a stored document. Industry estimates indicate that the average document size has grown almost tenfold (PC Magazine, 03/10/98, "To Write or Rewrite?") The information superhighway. The explosive growth of on line services, led by the Internet, has resulted in unprecedented use of such services to reach potentially huge new customer base. Another consideration for the need of reliable secondary storage is the increasing cost of managing storage on network servers. According to Strategic Research Corporation, as storage requirements explode, organizations are finding that the cost of managing the storage is almost four times the cost of the actual storage due to server downtime, backup procedures, and hard disk failures.

Work Roll Consumption

Reduction in Work Roll Consumption of Skin Pass Mill Using six sigma-A case study A Thesis Submitted to the Ranchi University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree Of Master of Science Engg. In PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT By CHANDRA PRAKASH ROLL NO: 20/M/PM/2002 Under the guidance of Mr K. D. P. Singh Lecturer Department of Mechanical Engineering [pic] MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHEDPUR September -2008 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHEDPUR RANCHI UNIVERSITY CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I here certify that the work which is being presented in this thesis entitled â€Å"Reduction in Work Roll Consumption of Skin Pass Mill using six sigma-A case study† in partial fulfilments for the award of degree of Master of Science Engg. In Production Management, & Submitted in the Department of Mechanical Engineering NIT, JAMSHEDPUR is an authentic record of my own work carried out under the Supervision of Mr K. D. P Singh Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering. National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur. The matter embodied in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree. Signature of candidate This is to certify that above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge. Mr K. D. P Singh Lecturer Mechanical Engineering Department NIT, Jamshedpur Dr J. N. Yadav Professor & HOD Mechanical Engineering Department Signature of internal examiner Signature of external examiner ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. C. M. Verma Head, BAF/SPM/ECL Cold Rolling Mill, Tata Steel for allowing me to be a owner of this case study matching to my area of work where I could really apply and develop my technical skills in practical aspect. I am extremely grateful to Mr K. D. P. Singh (Lecturer NIT, JSR), Mr Vivek (Sr Manager, BAF & Six sigma Co-ordinator CRM), and Mr. Dharmendra Kumar (Manager Roll shop) for guiding this case study. They have guided me at every step, clearly explained the objectives, the problems statements, technical concepts and terminology to make my case study a success. They always extended a helping hand and spent their valuable time to explain the problems that ever obstructed my path. Working in Tata Steel has not only been a learning experience on technical aspects but there were many other things, which could only be experienced in organization of such repute. Their work culture, discipline, employee’s devotion towards their job and company are extraordinary. Thanks a lot to all those who helped me directly or indirectly during the completion of this case study and special thanks to the associates of Skin Pass Mill and Roll Shop of cold rolling mill Tata steel. Chandra Prakash ABSTRACT This case study deals in reducing Work Roll consumption of Skin Pass Mill of cold rolling Mill. Cold Rolling is a Process by which hot rolled strip or stock is introduced between rollers and squeezed or compressed to the desired thickness. The quality of work rolls that come into direct contact with the steel product has a direct effect on product quality and mill operation. At the time of taking up this case study, Roll cost was one of the major operational cost element for Skin pass Mill & due to increase in global Roll prices its contribution increases from 15 % of total conversion cost to 22 % of total conversion cost . In the mean time there were some additional problem associated with work roll grinding & operational practices at Skin pass mill which showing variability in the process of Roll grinding & Skin passing. This case study deals in bringing improvement in the work roll consumption of Skin pass Mill by using Six Sigma techniques (Define-Measure-Analyse-Improve & Control). Statistical methods are used to analyse the data and pin point the vital causes impacting the work roll consumption of Skin Pass Mill. Regression analysis & trial plan conducted during finalizing optimal and feasible solution, as this case study deals in improving standard operating practices & reducing variability within the process of roll grinding & skin passing. CONTENTS PAGE NO ABSTRACT 4 CONTENTS 5 LIST OF FIGURES 8 LIST OF TABLES 10 NOMENCLATURE 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE SURVEY 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 12 1. 2 BASIC OF COLD ROLLING 15 1. 3 SKIN PASS MILL 16 1. 3. 1 OVERVIEW OF SKIN PASS MILL 18 1. 3. 2 PURPOSE OF SKIN PASSING 19 1. 4 ROLLS & THEIR REQUIREMENTS 25 1. 5 ROLL GRINDING PROCESS 31 1. 6 ROLL TEXTURING PRACTICES 35 . 7 SIX SIGMA APPROACH 41 1. 7. 2 SIX SIGMA IMPLEMENTATION 41 1. 8 PROBLEM DEFINITION 44 1. 9 OBJECTIVE OF CASE STUDY 45 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM PAGE NO 2. 1 INTRODUCTION 46 2. 2 BRAIN STORMING 46 2. 3 PARETO ANALYSIS 47 2. 4 INDIVIDUAL AND MOVING RANGE GRAPH 50 2. 5 MOODS MEDIAN TEST 52 2. 6 CAUSE EFFECT DIAGRAM 57 2. 7 OUTCOME OF ANALYSIS 60 CHAPTER – 3 METHODOLOGY TO ACHIEVE OBJECTIVES 3. 1INTRODUCTION 61 3. 2 PREPERATION OF ACTION PLAN 62 . 3 NORMAL GRINDING TRIALS & ACTION 62 3. 4 CRACK GRINDING TRIALS & ACTIONS 63 3. 5 SKIN PANEL ROLL GRINDING 63 3. 6 OPERATOR VARIABILITY 64 3. 7 ROLL CHANGE DUE TO ROLL ROUGHNESS 64 3. 8 SCH EDULING MODIFICATION 65 3. 9 ROUGHNESS PREDICTION MODEL 66 CHAPTER – 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS PAGE NO 4. 1 INTRODUCTION 68 4. 2 BEFORE AND AFTER COMPARISSION 68 4. 3 DISCUSSION ON RESULTS 71 4. 4 RESULTS 72 4. 5 CONTROL PLAN 73 . 6 SAVINGSCALCULATION 74 CHAPTER – 5 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE 75 REFERENCES 76 List of Figures Page No 1. 1 Skin Pass Mill & Tandem Cold Mill Photograph 12 1. 2 Line layout of cold rolling mill 14 1. 3 Skin Pass Mill Tata steel 16 1. 4 Tensile test graph before skin Passing 20 1. 5 Tensile test graph after skin Passing 22 1. 6 Luder band 24 1. 7Correlation between Roughness & peak count28 1. 8 Skewness of Surface28 1. 9 Surface measured at EDT m/c Tata steel 29 2. 0 Waviness Roughness & form of surface30 2. Roll Grinding M/c at Cold Rolling Mill 32 2. 2 EDT Vs Shot Blast Roll 37 2. 3 Effect of time & temp on surface texture38 2. 4 Effect of –ve polarity on surface texture38 2. 5 Roll texturing m/c at Cold rolling mill40 2. 6 Work roll consumption trend at skin pass mill 44 2. 7 Pareto chart for SPM Work roll grinding 49 2. 8 X bar & moving range chart for normal grinding 50 2. 9 Box plot for different operator at Roll Shop 54 List of Figures Page No 3. 0 Capability histogram for normal grinding 55 3. 1 Roll tonnage trend at skin pass Mill 56 . 2 Abnormal roll change trend at skin pass mill 57 3. 3 Cause & effect diagram for roll change due to low Ra 58 3. 4 SPM Work roll consumption trend before case study 68 3. 5 SPM Work roll consumption trend before case study 69 3. 6 Capability histogram before case study 69 3. 7 Capability histogram after case study 70 3. 8 Trend of abnormal roll change at skin pass mill 71 List of Tables Page No 1. 1 Roll roughness detail of tandem & skin pass mill 26 1. 2 Roughness Accuracy detail of texturing m/c 27 1. Selection of peripheral speed 31 1. 4 Standard Stock removal specification 33 1. 5 Grit size for different Roll 34 1. 6 Action on Grinding wheel on various condition 34 1. 7 Structure of grinding based upon requirement 35 1. 8 Grinding data for skin pass mill work roll 49 1. 9 Data capturing sheet51 2. 0 Operator variability matrix52 2. 1 Regression test result53 2. 2 Abnormal Roll Change detail at Skin Pass mill56 2. 3 Prioritization matrix for roll change reasons 57 2. 4 Scheduling Example of skin pass mill59 2. Normal Grinding trials & findings62 2. 6 Crack Grinding trials & findings63 2. 7 Modified Scheduling Example 65 2. 8 list of parameter effecting roughness 66 2. 9 Results of case study 72 3. 0 Control Plan for reducing work roll consumption 73 3. 1 Saving of the case study 74 NOMENCLATURE TCM – Tandem Cold Mill SPM – Skin Pass Mill M/c, m/c – Machine EDT – Electro Discharge Texturing Ra – Average Roughness CRM – Cold Rolling Mill IMR – Individual Moving Range TDC – Technical Delivery Condition ECT – Eddy current testing CRMIS: Cold Rolling Mill Information system PLTCM: Pickling line tandem cold Mill YPE: Yield Point Elongation SPM: Skin Pass Mill BAF: Batch Annealing Furnace ECL: Electrolytic Cleaning line RCL: Recoiling line NSC: Nippon Steel Corporation CRCA: Cold Rolled Closed Annealed CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE SURVEY 1. INTRODUCTION This chapter gives information about cold rolling mill, Skin Pass mill, Roll grinding, and Roll texturing process . It also describes about six sigma tool & its implementation at the end it describes objective of the case study. Cold Rolling is a Process by which hot rolled strip or stock is introduced between rollers and squeezed or compressed to the desired thickness. Amount of strain introduce determines the properties of the finished product. Following are Purpose of Cold Rolling ? Good formability ? Superior surface finish ? Reasonable strength ? Close dimensional tolerance Fig 1. 1 Tandem Cold Mill Tata steel Skin Pass Mill Tata steel Cold Rolling Mill complex has been commissioned at TATA STEEL works in the year 2000. The total output of the Cold Rolling Mill complex consists of 0. 96 mt of cold rolled and annealed products and 0. 5 mtpa (Million Tonne Per Annum) of cold rolled and galvanized products. Hence, the total installed capacity of this unit is approximately 1. 5 million tons per annum. The range of thickness and width of these cold rolled products are 0. 3 to 3. 2 mm and 800 to1560 mm respectively. The primary input material to the cold rolling complex is a hot rolled coil. The cold rolled products are broadly under the categories: ? Annealed coils ? Galvanized coils ? Cold rolled full hard coils. The cold rolled products from the Cold Rolling Mill complex are designed to cater to various market segments such as construction, general Eng. , automobile, white goods, packaging and others. CRM Process flow at Tata Steel Pickling (to remove oxides and scales) Cold rolling in tandem mill to achieve desired thickness Electrolytic cleaning line to clean the surface dirt. Batch annealing furnace for internal stress relieving Skin passing to remove luder bands, develop mechanical properties, Impart desired surface finish; improve flatness, Inspection, finishing, dispatch Sub Section of Cold Rolling Mill ? Pickling Line &Tandem Cold Mill (PL-TCM) ? Batch Annealing Furnace (BAF) ? Electrolytic cleaning Line (ECL) ? Skin Pass Mill (SPM) ? Galvanising Line ? Recoiling Line (RCL) ? Coil Packaging Line (CPL) pic] Fig 1. 2 Line lay out of Cold Rolling Mill Tata steel 1. 2 Basic of Cold Rolling Mill Following are the basic Processes ? The Hot Strip Mill sends the hot rolled coils (thickness 2 to 6 mm width and 800-1560 mm) to the Cold Rolling Mill Complex for processing. ? First the hot rolled coils are passed through the Pickling section containing Hydrochloric acid, in order to cl ean the surface of rust & scales, making them ready for cold rolling. ? The Trimming Section where the edges of pickled hot rolled coils are trimmed( if necessary) ? The coil is then fed into the main mill, viz. Tandem Cold Mill with five mill stands, each having three pairs of rolls in the five stands which bring down the strip thickness in a controlled manner to the desired target value of (0. 3mm to 3. 2 mm). ? This completes the process of cold rolling or rolling at ambient temperatures. ? From here the two-third of the product goes to Electrolytic cleaning line, where generally two process takes place and they are Predegressing and electrolytic cleaning with the help of NaOH, after this the sheet is washed with high pressure steam to remove the bubbles of NaOH from the surface. Then the coil is dried in the hot drier. ? The coil comes to Batch Annealing furnace directly from Electrolytic cleaning line where they are stacked covered and heated in a closed hood in a 100% hydrogen atmosphere. This process improves the mechanical properties of the strip. ? The Skin Pass Mill takes care of the coils annealed in Batch Annealing furnace by passing them through a single stand high-speed mill with two pairs of rolls. The objective is to impart the correct surface texture and to control the mechanical properties as per customer requirement. The coils are properly oiled for rust protection and recoiled in the Recoiling Lines (RCL 1, 2 & 3) for inspecting the surface. ? The remaining one- third part of the production from PLTCM goes to the Galvanising Lines (1 & 2) where coils are again cleaned, rinsed, dried, L-annealed/heated and taken through a Molten zinc bath for a continuous uniform coating of zinc. This zinc coating helps give a sacrificial layer on the cold rol led strip for corrosion protection. The Continuous packaging line takes care of the packing requirement of the coils as per the customer specifications. 1. 3 Skin Pass Mill [pic] Fig 1. 3 Skin Pass Mill Tata steel front view Skin pass mill: Annealed coils are given a small cold reduction (typically around 1-3 %) in the skin pass mill. This operation results in the right surface roughness imparted on the strip surface as per the customer specifications. In addition, a metallurgical defects known as stretcher strains are eliminated, and also the flatness of the strip is improved. The basic operation done in the cold rolling mill is the wet temper rolling as a cold rolling finishing which is the final process in the integrated steel production, where all materials received from the cold rolling process are processed into the final products with required properties through cleaning, heat treatment and then temper rolling. As this process is closely related to user requirement for mechanical properties, surface properties, size etc. many detailed operation standards are required (annealing surface, size change). This process is quickly adaptable to shape correction reprocessing etc. ut there are many operations which require human hands, as compared with cold rolling. As skin passing is the final process of the integrated steel making operation, the information obtained from this process must be completely fed back to the processes on the down stream side of the steel making furnace. This process is located closest to users and achieving in line quality to meet the user requirements must guaranty the quality. The feed back of information to the preceding processes to be reflected in production is very important. The temper rolling operation falls into three types as shown below: Operation using water-soluble rolling oil Operation using oil-soluble rolling oil Operation in with no rolling oil is used (Dry rolling). Each type of rolling operation has both advantages and disadvantages. The type of rolling operation must be selected in due consideration of the ease of temper rolling, the ease of operation and rust preventive at downstream process at customers end. The surface of roll to be used for temper rolling is mat-finished by shot blasting of steel grit or Elector Discharge Texturing (EDT). This finish is widely as it ensures good paint ability. When the working rolls are ground, the roll surface is bright- finished to about Ra (0. 05 µm) by using a grinding wheel of small grain size. The surface roughness of the strip rolled by bright-finished rolls is below Ra(0. 35 µm), which is suitable for prime coating Generally, the surface finish condition of strip in the temper rolling process is controlled in terms of the surface finished of work rolls only. For confirmation of this condition, the roughness and look of sheet surface after temper rolling is Checked at regular intervals. Temper rolling oil used is mainly applied to thick products, using dull-finished work rolls. The majority of rolling oils used for this rolling are sodium nitrite-based oils. The concentration of sodium nitrite is 5 ( 10% oil-soluble temper rolling oils higher rust preventive power to meet required uses have been developed and put into practical use. 1. 3. 1 OVERVIEW OF SKIN PASS MILL Skin pass an overview ? Single stand mill ? 4- High wet skin pass non-reversible mill ? Capacity: 1mtpa ? Line speed: 900mpm ? Thk range: 0. 3-3. 2 mm ? Width range: 900-1580 mm SPM Equipment ? Main drive-3 ? Mill stand rolls-4 ? Auxiliary roll-8 ? Oiling system ? Fume exhaust system ? Hydraulic gap control system ? Elongation control ? Low pressure hydraulic system ? Quick roll changing car ? Auto tempered car ? Back up rolls polishing ? Unique Features of SPM ? Higher productivity. ? High degree of accuracy- elongation control ? Surface cleanliness- wet skin pass ? Eco fr iendly fume exhaust ? Automatic quick work rolls change & pass line 1. 3. 2 PURPOSE OF SKIN PASSING ? Improvement of mechanical properties of material ? Shape correction Adjustment of surface properties (roughness) ? Apply rust preventive oil (optional) ? Improvement of mechanical properties of material ? Elimination of yield point elongation ? Improvement of formability by decreasing the yield point ? Improvement of other mechanical properties The skin passing of material has to be done with optimum parameters such that the purpose of skin passing is met. Ideally the skin passing has to be done in such a way that alternate grains are strained by which we will get 50% strained surface grains and 50% strain free surface grains. Upper yield point Stress Yield point elongation Lower yield point Strain Fig 1. 4 tensile test graphs before skin passing Yield point elongation is a well-known phenomenon in low carbon steel. After the elastic portion of the stress strain curve (a schematic engineering stress-strain curve is shown in the above figure) the load drops at upper yield point. At lower yield point this drop becomes steady, but a continuous series of fluctuation appears in the stress strain curve. This is commonly known as yield point elongation. After this stage, the curve becomes smooth again. Reason: The reason behind this phenomenon is the alternate locking and unlocking of dislocations by the interstitial atoms (C and N) in steel matrix. C and N atoms form interstitial solid solution and these have natural affinity for locking the dislocations. The locked dislocations cannot move freely, which restricts deformation of the material. The deformation of the material is actually caused by movement and multiplication of dislocations. The deformation stops when the dislocations are not free enough to continue their movements, and further application of load in this situation causes crack generation and failure. After cold rolling and annealing, a low carbon steel strip is supposed to undergo a forming operation. However, this forming becomes difficult if the dislocations are pinned down by the interstitial solute atoms. The annealing treatment provides ample opportunity for the dislocations to move freely and sit at the thermodynamically favourable sites, where the solute atoms pin the dislocations and kill their mobility. This is commonly known as Cottrell atmosphere. Now, if the material is subjected to a tensile load, the stress strain curve will show a serration, i. . alternate load drop and load jump, just after the yield point. Load drop indicates that the dislocations are pulled off from the solute atmosphere, coupled with generation of fresh dislocations under the external force, and load jump indicates that the momentarily free dislocations are again encountering with the solute atoms. This actually constitutes the stage of yield point elongation. Due to the pinning effect of the s olute atoms, the dislocation multiplication sources also become active, which generates fresh dislocations. After this stage, when sufficient fresh dislocations are available for continuing deformation, the stress-strain curve becomes smooth again. This yield point elongation (YPE) is absolutely detrimental as far as the formability of the material is concerned. It creates Luder bands or stretcher strain marks, which finally leads to failure of the component. These bands are visible on the strip surface. When a test specimen exhibits YPE during its tensile testing, these bands appear on the specimen surface, starting from middle (where necking starts) and spreading towards the ends, at an angle of approximately 450 to the tensile axis. YPE elongation continues till the entire specimen surface is covered by the Luder band formation, then smooth plastic deformation starts. Here comes the role of skin passing. Since YPE, after batch annealing, cannot be avoided, a skin depth deformation is given to the just annealed steel strip. This skin depth deformation actually overcomes this region of the stress-strain curve. Sufficient number of dislocations is pulled off from the solute (C, N) atmosphere, at the same time fresh dislocations are generated, which is sufficient for facilitating the forming operation at the next stage. If the material, in skin passed (or temper rolled) condition, is subjected to tensile testing, the stress strain curve will not show any YPE and the plastic deformation will take place without a sharp yield point, as shown in the figure below. That is what precisely desired for drawing or deep drawing grade material. If this skin passed material is left unused for a sufficiently long time, or subjected to a brief heat treatment at a low temperature, the YPE reappears once again. The YS value also goes up and ductility of the material drops. This phenomenon is known as strain aging. UTS YS Stress Strain Fig 1. tensile test graphs after skin passing From the discussion made so far, it is clear that the locking of dislocations are related to the two important factors, one is movement of dislocations, the other is movement of interstitial solute atoms. Therefore diffusion has a very important role to play. If the testing is carried out at room temperature, the mobility of dislocations un der the action of external load is more than the mobility of solute atoms. If the similar test is carried out at a higher temperature, the mobility of the solute atoms increases, and movements of dislocation and solute atoms may be comparable. Such a situation would give rise to an interesting phenomenon called dynamic strain aging, where the solute atoms keep on interacting with the dislocations and the entire stress strain curve (after elastic limit) shows serration. Since YPE is directly related to the concentrations of C and N atoms in steel, the extent of deformation (known as temper elongation) to be given at skin pass mill (SPM), which is a critical factor, varies with steel composition. The magnitude of temper elongation should be high for higher C content. For instance, the temper elongation in case of CQ material should be higher than that in case of EDD grade. If the temper elongation is less than the required amount, the material will show stretcher strain marks during forming. If temper elongation is higher than the required amount, the strength of the material will increase. This is not desirable, particularly for the softer grades like IF and EDD, because the strain hardening exponent value is higher for these grades, compared to that for ordinary CQ material. Theoretically speaking, IF or interstitial free deep drawing grade steel should not require any skin passing. The reason is that the C and N concentrations are kept very low in this grade (of the order of 30 ppm). In addition, presence of Ti in this steel promotes the fixing of C and N atoms in form of carbide and carbonitiride precipitates, thereby creating a condition so that the Fe matrix becomes virtually free of interstitial solute atoms. Such a condition favours the easy movement of dislocations without any hindrance, and this steel has been established as the highest formable grade, with maximum deep drawability and ductility. In practice, IF grade steel is subjected to skin passing with a small magnitude of elongation, and, of all grades, it requires minimum temper elongation. The skin pass depends on Yield strength of the material in the following way: Lower the skin pass (roughly less than 0. 6 %), the material will have the tendency to show Bauschinger’s effect. Higher the skin passing (above 1. 5%) the material will be over strained. That’s the reason why the skin passing for a given YS, has to be done with the optimum reduction such that the material does not get into either of the problems stated above. Also percentage reduction increases with increasing YS to get the optimum properties. Parameters on which Skin pass Load depends: Grain Size: Higher the ASTM grain size number (finer the grain), higher is the skin pass load. Speed: Increasing the speed of skin pass mill will require higher load for the same reduction Diameter of work roll: Larger the diameter of the work rolls, higher is the roll force required to remove stretcher strain. Roughness of the strip from Tandem Cold Mill: The incoming coil has got some roughness values because of the final finishing in stand number (5) of tandem Cold Mill. Many times to high roughness of the incoming strip to Skin Pass Mill and the requirement of Average roughness values on the surface in the ranger of 0. -1. 2 microns for most applications, the peaks are knocked off during skin passing which is detrimental from forming and image clarity point of view. The best practice for this should be keeping as low roughness as possible on the strip surface after tandem cold mill (of course sticker formation during annealing in Batch annealing furnace has to be kept in mind), a nd imparting higher roughness on the work rolls in the skin pass mill. 1. 3. 3 THEORY OF SKIN PASSING When the annealed mild steel sheet is preformed, surface markings, called stretcher strains markings, appear on deformed parts. Stretcher strains are also called as Luder bands. The formation of these markings can be prevented by Skin passing the sheet by giving the sheet elongation of 1-2 % before Performing. LUDER BAND OR STRECHER STRAIN This band is formed with an angle of about 45 deg – 50 deg with respect to the tensile axis the markings formed between Upper and lower are called as â€Å"Luder Lines† or â€Å"Stretcher Strains† as shown in fig 1. 6 Tensile load Luder band Tensile load Fig 1. 6 Luder band 1. 4 Rolls & their requirement for Cold Rolling The performance characteristics of rolls used in cold rolling mill, both in Tandem Cold Mill(TCM) and Skin Pass Mill, are critical to mill productivity and to the quality and acceptance of the cold rolled products. With the rapid change in roll technology, roll management in cold rolling has become an area of utmost importance. The increasing requirements of critical surface finish and texture of flat rolled product has necessitated application of the state of art technology in roll preparation and roll inspection. Rolls also represent a significant investment and input to a value analysis of cost per ton rolled. The quality of work rolls that come into direct contact with the steel product has a direct effect on product quality and mill operation. A forged steel with a chromium content of 5 mass% has been conventionally used to meet the requirement of metallurgical structure homogeneity and high hardness for work rolls in cold rolling. Rolls having improved performance are strongly demanded. 1. 4. 1 Requirement from textured Rolls: 1. 4. 1. 1 Surface finish: Surface roughness is imparted to Work Rolls which are used in 5th stand of Tandem cold mill and to the work rolls of Skin Pass Mill. The primary requirement of surface roughness for tandem mill rolls is to prevent stickers in the next process i. e. batch annealing. The surface roughness on Skin pass mill is guided by the requirement of surface roughness on Cold rolled strip which is based on its end use. Ra is the universally recognized and most used international parameter of roughness. It is the arithmetic mean of the departures of the profile from the mean line. Ra = 1/L {y (x)}dx For a typical application of auto grade the Ra value in strip ranges from 0. 8 to 1. 2 micron. The final roughness on SPM roll is decided based on the transfer ratio of roughness from roll to strip (ranges from 45-60% based on mill parameters). A typical transfer plot and the values of roughness is shown in table 1. 1 Table 1. 1 Roll Roughness detail of Tandem cold mill & skin pass mill Work Roll |Tandem Cold MILL Work Rolls |Skin Pass Mill Work Rolls | |Average roughness |PPC |Average roughness |PPC | |3. |75 |3 |120 | |4. 0 |70 |3. 0 |96, 118 | |4. 5 |65 |3. 5 |80 | |5. 0 |60 |4. 0 |70 | The distribution of surface roughness over the roll body is also of importance to ensure consistency of surface roughness over the strip widths produced in a campaign. The ROLLTEX Electro discharge texturing process of Sarclad machine produces a texture to the capability as mentioned in table 1. 2. Roughness Definition: Roughness is defined as the finer irregularities of the surface texture that usually result from the inherent action of some production process such as machining or wear. Roughness features are typically in the sub micron range. Continuously recurring, irregular depressions and elevations on the surface of the coil are known as roughness. Rough coil surface is usually caused by severe roll groove wears surface roughness can also be caused due to corrosion if the rod is stored for lengthy periods in damp or corrosive atmospheres. The degree of roughness can be determined by microscopic examination or with Ra meter. Surface roughness has two main attributes: Roughness height or depth, and Lateral dimension. Roughness heights of the structure on polishing or machining surface are frequently measured as a root mean square roughness. The units of roughness are angstroms or nanometres for smoothers surface ‘lim' and micrometers â€Å" µm† for rougher surface. Lateral dimensions frequently and called surface spatial wave lengths are measured in micrometers. A rough surface is usually described in terms of its deviation from a smooth reference surface. Some conventional methods for surface measurement are optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. These can be used to produce topographic maps of surfaces. Today laser scattering technique has become more common. Ra value: Average/mean height of surface peaks and troughs over a reference length indicates an overall profile of the sheet surface, dullness or brightness. Roughness is imparted to the rolls by Electro discharge texturing method Table 1. 2 Roughness accuracy detail of texturing m/c |Sno |Range of roughness value |Accuracy of surface produced (Ra) |Accuracy of surface produced (PPC-peaks per | | | | |centimetre) | |1 |0. to 6. 0 micron Ra |+/- 4 % of mean Ra |+/- 4 % of mean PPC | |2 |6. 1 to 10. 0 micron Ra |+/- 5 % of mean Ra |+/- 5 % of mean PPC | |3 |>10. 1 micron Ra |+/- 6 % of mean Ra |+/- 6 % of mean PPC | 1. 4. 1. 2 Peak Count: It is the measurement of number of peaks in the specified length over a particular bandwidth (normally 1 micron). A profile peak is the highest part of the profile between an upwards and downwards crossing of the mean line. The exposed auto body panels typically require 100 ppi on the Cold rolled sheet. The transfer ratio of peak counts from roll to the strip ranges between 60-70%, based on again the rolling conditions. Figure 1. 7 shows the correlation between the roughness of the surface & the peak counts. Fig 1. 7 Correlation between roughness & peak counts Stability of the surface profile: The textured roll is required to give a consistent transfer of roughness and peak count on the strip while rolling. During rolling the surface experiences wear of the peaks and the roll is Fig 1. 8 Skewness of surface discarded after a certain tonnage, determined based on the cut-off point of surface requirement on the strip. To assess this requirement of surface stability, metrology experts and certain European instrument manufacturers have devised surface texture height parameters, which can be analysed by a Data Processing Module (DPM), supplied separately by the surface finish tester manufacturers. Out of various parameters used in this analysis, the most commonly used is Rsk (Skewness) and tp % (known as bearing ratio). Rsk is the measure of the symmetry of the amplitude distribution curve about the mean line. As shown in figure 1. 8 if Rsk is negative the surface peaks are higher, which is prone to a large drop in surface finish during the initial rolling. Based on the practical experience of cold rollers over the world, a slight positive value is preferred. A typical surface plot after texturing a surface to roughness value of 2. 93 micron in Sarclad EDT machine and measured by DPM is shown in Figure 1. 9 Fig 1. 9 Surface measurements done on Tata EDT-Skin Pass Mill roll. The Bearing ratio (tp%) is a measure of the length of bearing surface (expressed as a % of the assessment length), where the profile peaks have been cut off at a line which runs parallel to the mean line of the profile. The line defining the bearing surface can be set at a selected depth below the highest peak or at a selected distance above or below the mean line of the profile. When this line is set to the depth of the largest profile valley, the tp is 100% because the entire profile is above the bearing line. By plotting the tp value against depth below the highest profile peak between the 0% and 100 % limits, the bearing ratio (known as Abott- Firestone curve) curve is obtained. Figure 1. 9 shows the bearing ratio curve against a particular value of Rsk. 1. 4. 1. 3Waviness: Most surface profile results from the combined effects of roughness, waviness and form as shown in figure 2 Waviness parameters are produced by passing the data of the surface measurement through a low pass filter, so that longer wavelengths than the cut-off are included. The waviness, Wa is calculated from the resulting profile. Fig 2 Waviness, Roughness and Form of a surface Wavelengths in the roughness category < 800 micron are covered or filtered out by painting, in the end application of the CR strip. Wavelengths >800 micron defined as â€Å"Waviness† remain or are enhanced after painting and contribute to poor Distinctness of image or image clarity. If Wa is held below 0. 6 micron, irrespective of the Ra, then those wavelengths >800 micron have only a marginally adverse effect on Distinctness of image. Samples of sheet produced by tandem/ temper mill rolls textured by the Rolltex EDT process consistently show levels of Wa

Examples Of Nonverbal Communication Essay

There are several types of nonverbal communication that may be evaluated on the basis of certain examples, that will help you understand the nuances of this complicated form of communication. Facial Expressions When reading facial expressions, some of these examples may help: While maintaining eye contact is a sign of confidence and positivity, avoiding eye contact is one of the most clear negative nonverbal communication examples. This implies that the person may be lying, or fears confrontation. The smile is another give-away when it comes to facial expressions. While a soft smile is a soft expression that is encouraging, a rigid smile or a smirk may be a sign of contempt. Raised eyebrows are not only a sign of surprise, they can also suggest mockery or sarcasm. It may be a natural physical trait of some people, and they may do it without realizing. However, it is important to know the kind of effect it is having on others. Frowning is another facial expression that we tend to assume when under stress. This gives out the message that we are unapproachable and cold. Posture and other Movements Postures are included in nonverbal communication and may be explained with a few of these examples: Standing erect shows confidence, but if you are slouching it is a sign of low self-esteem and a stance that you have given up. Keeping shoulders rigid again give a sign that you may be unapproachable, and may affect the kind of people you attract towards you. Constant fiddling with everything in sight is a sign of anxiety, frustration, boredom and lack of interest. Standing with your hands crossed behind you, combined with your facial expressions may be a clear sign of anger or frustration that you are trying to hold back. Gestures Gestures animate the conversations we have with others. We point, we wave and use all sorts of body language gestures while we are talking. For instance, you may constantly be rubbing your neck, or your the back of your ear. This is a sign of discomfort and lack of confidence. If you are angry, you may be clenching your fists to control your anger, or in preparation for a physical  attack! Rubbing hands together indicates excitement and indicates readiness to engage in an activity. Shrugging may show a lack of interest. Touch Even touch plays an important role in nonverbal communication. For instance: When your boss is praising you, and pats you on the back, it is a sign of genuine liking for you and your work. A firm handshake is the sign of confidence. We all know the reassuring effect of a warm bear hug. Someone who holds your arms while talking is either trying to make a statement, or to portray that he/she is in control. Space We all have a physical space around us. Sometimes we find people invading that personal space. It may be to portray any of the following: Intimacy Affection Dominance Aggression

Women in Nazi Germany essays

Women in Nazi Germany essays Amidst millenniums, women have been portrayed as societys weakest link. During Hitlers reign, women once again were reminded that they were subject to humanitys oppressive ideals. The Nazi ideology saw women as inferior to men. According to Goebbels (propaganda minister), a womans primary, rightful, and appropriate place is in the family, and the most wonderful task that she can perform is to present her country and people with children. This image of motherhood and marriage set forth the fundamentals of how the Nazis envisioned women and moreover provided the prevailing ideals. Kaiser Wilhelm II defined a role for women as Kirche, Kche, Kinder (church, kitchen, children). This definition was later adopted by the Nazis, implying the undermining status and role of the women in Germany. Throughout centuries, women have been subject to unjust and tormenting perceptions due to societys set view that the male is the dominating figure. In Nazi Germany, women were inferior to their male contemporaries. They were faced with a patriarchic society, and the control which it had over many aspects of womens lives. These attitudes had developed even centuries before into laws and customs. In tribal societies, females were supposed to only be involved in domestic issues. Moreover, the male children were considered more important than the female children. Throughout the Middle Ages, women were still subordinate to men. Women were not allowed to participate in the political life of the society. This discrimination was upheld by the Christian prejudice against women, as they were often forbidden to sing in churches. This attitude can be regarded as means of influence on the Nazi party, hence, after Hitler was elected the superiority of men was emphasized in campaigns. This in turn reduced the status of women. Hitler was very keen on the notion of obtaining an Aryan race. He therefore set out la...

How to Write an SAT Essay, Step by Step

How to Write an SAT Essay, Step by Step SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips SAT Essay writing requires a very specific set of skills. It's a little daunting to think that you only have 50 minutes to read a passage, analyze it, and then write an essay. But don't worry- getting a top SAT essay score is within everyone's reach! The most reliable way to score high is to follow our SAT essay template for every essay and to prepare well beforehand. In this article, we'll show you how to write a great SAT essay. We'll take you through all the steps you need to follow when writing the SAT essay to show you how you can put together a killer essay yourself. If you haven't already, read our article on 15 tips for improving your SAT essay. We'll be using the lessons from that article here in our essay example. Come back to this article afterward. Overview: Before You Start Writing We'll plan and write an essay in response to the sample SAT essay prompt below, using the tips we've shared. If you follow our plan below and practice it to fluency for your 50-minute essay, you're guaranteed a 6/6/6 or above on the SAT essay. Let's start by reading and understanding the prompt: Write an essay in which you explain how Peter S. Goodman builds an argument to persuade his audience that news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign news coverage provided to people in the United States. In your essay, analyze how Goodman uses one or more of the features listed in the box above (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage. Source: The Official SAT Study Guide; the article referenced in the prompt can also be found (unmodified) online for free here. Hint: Read The Prompt Before Reading The Passage As we mentioned in our 15 SAT essay tips article, the author's argument that you'll be discussing is in the first line of the prompt: "Write an essay in which you explain how Peter S. Goodman builds an argument to persuade his audience that news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign news coverage provided to people in the United States." This is the argument you need to deconstruct in your essay. Writing an SAT essay consists of four major stages: Reading: 5-10 minutes Analyzing Planning: 7-12 minutes Writing: 25-35 minutes Revising: 2-3 minutes There’s a wide time range for a few of these stages, since people work at different rates. Some people, for instance, will be a lot faster at reading than they are at planning, while it might be the other way around for others. You'll need to find the timing combination that works best for you through a little bit of trial and error. Writing takes the large bulk of the 50 minutes, but reading and analyzing and planning are equally important parts of the SAT essay writing process. Stage 1: Read the Passage (5-10 minutes) There are a couple of different ways to read through the passage on the SAT essay, each with their own advantages. No matter which strategy you use, though, make sure to keep an eye on the time so you don’t run out of time for analyzing and writing! If you can just read straight through the passage without getting too hung up on details, go for it. This strategy works well for students who are naturally fast readers and don't have trouble getting distracted under time pressure. If you’re a slow reader, get anxious about reading in timed situations, or find that the subject matter of the article is confusing, you might want to try skimming the article. You can use similar strategies to those you might use on SAT reading passages. In either case, you'll want to make sure you get a good idea of the way the passage is laid out before you do a detailed pass through it. Why? You'll probably end up reading through parts of the passage multiple times to make sure you fully understand it. Giving the passage a quick read-through before you do any detailed analysis can help cement which parts you'll want to come back to and which parts aren't as important. When you go back do a more detailed reading of the article, sure to keep an eye out for argument-building techniques and to try to remain objective. You may want to circle or underline examples of these techniques as you read, which leads right into the next stage of SAT essay writing. Stage 2: Analyze and Plan (7-12 minutes) Many students resist planning on the SAT Essay because it already feels like there's not enough time to read and write, let alone take away some of that precious time for planning. But take it from us: you're better off with a plan. This is because the SAT essay graders look for a clear structure: introduction, conclusion, and specific evidence in between. It's almost impossible to create this kind of structure and still write quickly without a plan You can write all over the passage as you analyze it – circle or underline key points, scribble in the margins, etc. This way, when you go back to quote the author in your essay, you’re not searching the text for the quote or supporting detail. One way to mark up your passage is by numbering your examples and then circling and numbering any evidence from the passage you’ll be referring to in each paragraph. Another option is to write a brief description of the details from the passage in your planning and outlining, along with the location of the details. Taking this time during the analyzing and planning stage will end up saving you time in the long run. I personally find it helpful to take notes as I read the passage and then organize them into an essay outline. Below are the TOTALLY LEGIBLE notes I took as I was analyzing the passage for the essay prompt: As I was reading the passage, I scribbled down key details and the way I’d use them to support my thesis in the essay. For instance, I wrote, â€Å"last paragraph – We need†¦we need (x4) - overall use of â€Å"we† drawing reader into his POV† in my notes. This describes what I want to talk about (the author's use of the word "We" and "We need"), what it means (it draws the reader into agreeing with his point of view), and where this is illustrated in the passage (last full paragraph). I then organized these notes into some semblance of an outline I could use to plan the organization of my essay. Here's a (rough) transcription of my outline: IntroFacts/evidence-first paragraph stats and facts - to show issue is real, lend credibility-by not explaining has a couple of effects-forces reader to draw own conclusions/think about which draws them into the argument-alt makes reader look to author in rest o/article (b/c had facts at first + so can be trusted)Reasoning-acknowledges counterargument-so very easily could’ve gone on a rant abt twitter which would’ve undercut argument, disconnected from reader-instead, provides examples of when social media has been helpful (Arab Spring)-counterargument is more powerful as a result - take his â€Å"unease† more seriouslyDiction/style-â€Å"We† draws reader in, makes author sympathetic (not lecturing)-contrasts b/t ideal + real, b/t prof + amateur engage reader in the comparison, force to admit author is right-language elsewhere reinforces the idea that prof journalism under siege, words like â€Å"assailing† and â€Å"eroding†Conclusion You can see that in the section labeled â€Å"Diction,† the first point is "We" draws reader in, makes author sympathetic (not lecturing)". You can combine these two steps if you’re comfortable enough doing it; I just find that separating them takes the pressure off to make sure that I take notes in an organized fashion. Stage 3: Write Until 2-3 Minutes Are Left (25-35 minutes) Once you have your analysis and planning done, it’s time to write like the wind. If you’ve taken notes and planned effectively, you should be able to jump right in and not have to go back and forth too much between the text and your essay. Body Paragraphs For most people, writing body paragraphs is easier than writing introductions. If this is the case, start with the body paragraphs, and just leave 10 lines or so at the top of the page to add the introduction later. One example should take up 1-2 paragraphs. Let's use a methodical structure to try out a body paragraph about how the author uses a counterargument to add support to his own claim. The sample paragraphs below are all taken from an essay that I handwrote (and planned) in the 50-minute time limit. Sample Body Paragraph Start with a transition: In addition to employing facts to his argument’s advantage, Goodman also cunningly discusses the counterargument to his position. Then (briefly) introduce your topic: By writing about how social media and man-on-the-ground reporting has assisted the state of foreign news reporting, Goodman heads off naysayers at the pass. Explain the example’s context and relationship to your thesis: It would have been very easy for Goodman to ignore the whole issue of citizen reporting, but the resultant one-sided argument would have been much less convincing. Instead, Goodman acknowledges things like â€Å"the force of social media during the Arab Spring, as activists convened and reacted to changing circumstances.† As a result, when he partially refutes this counterargument, stating the â€Å"unease† many longtime profession correspondents feel over the trend of ‘citizen journalism’ feel, the reader agrees. Clearly state, in one sentence, how it is proof of your thesis: Knowing that Goodman takes the power of social media seriously will make the reader more inclined, in turn, to take Goodman’s concern about the limits of social media seriously. When you put all these pieces together, it’s a winning body paragraph. We start with a smooth transition from the introduction (or previous body paragraph), give enough background to understand why the example is relevant, and then connect it back to the thesis for the knockout punch. Try to read through this again so the structure really makes sense to you. Notice how this is formulaic – every one of your body paragraphs can be written in this structure, and you’ll get an excellent score! Having a structure like this will make many students less anxious about the new SAT essay. You’d then go through the above process with the other 1-2 examples. In some cases, one very good example of the way the author builds his/her argument can be enough, if you can write 2-3 relevant paragraphs about it without repeating yourself. But having two examples is usually safer, because it gives you a better chance to show how well you've understood the passage. Introduction and Conclusion After finishing your body paragraphs, don't forget your introduction and conclusion paragraphs. Both should briefly mention the author’s argument and the examples you're using to support your thesis, but everything else is up to you. Some students write about the concept in general, and others just try to restate the thesis in different ways. Even a couple of sentences is better than nothing- try to scribble something in even if you're running out of time. Sample Introduction Paragraph In the article â€Å"Foreign News at a Crisis Point,† Peter S. Goodman eloquently argues the point that news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign news coverage provided to people in the United States. Goodman builds his argument by using facts and evidence, addressing the counterarguments, and couching it all in persuasive and compelling language. Stage 4: Revise (2-3 Minutes) Much like planning on the SAT essay, revision seems unnecessary to most students. But trust us, it will help your score. There are two reasons for this: Revising helps you change up your vocabulary and fix mistakes and/or illegible words If you know you’ll revise, you can write much faster because you don’t have to worry about making it perfect On the SAT essay, you can cross out words that you don’t want the grader to read. You don’t need to waste time erasing them, unless you want to replace them with something else. So what do you do when you revise? Well, let’s take the body paragraph we wrote earlier and revise it. New text is bolded. In addition to employing facts to his argument’s advantage, Goodman also cunningly discusses the counterargument to his position. By writing about how social media and man-on-the-ground reporting has assisted had some positive impact on the state of foreign news reporting, Goodman heads off naysayers at the pass. It would have been very easy for Goodman to ignore elide over the whole issue of citizen reporting, but the resultant one-sided argument would have been much less convincing. Instead, Goodman acknowledges things like â€Å"the force of social media during the Arab Spring, as activists convened and reacted to changing circumstances.† As a result, when he partially refutes this counterargument, stating his the â€Å"unease† many for longtime profession correspondents feel over the trend of ‘citizen journalism’ feel, the reader agrees. is much more likely to believe him. After all, Goodman acknowledges that social media does have some power. Kn owing that Goodman takes the power of social media seriously will make the reader more inclined, in turn, to take Goodman’s concern about the limits of social media seriously. At this point, you’ll have a complete winning essay. Want to see what this essay looks like put all together? Read our article on how to get a perfect 8 on the SAT essay. Our goal here was to show you how formulaic the SAT essay can be. By making the essay more predictable, you’ll go into every test with a game plan in mind, making the essay much easier (and less scary!). Information Fall-Out: Buckminster Fuller's World Game by Columbia GSAPP, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped and resized from original. "Guys guys guys! I figured out a plan for the SAT essay!" Where to Go From Here Now you know how to write an SAT essay. To put this information to good use, you need to practice with real SAT essay prompts. We’ve written the most comprehensive guide to SAT essay topics and prompts here. Aiming for a perfect SAT essay score? Read our guides to get strategies on how to get an 8/8/8 on your SAT essay. And if you haven’t read our 15 SAT essay tips article yet, do so now! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. 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